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The operating, maintenance, and first costs of all these options should be discussed with the owner before final selection. This energy is converted into chilled water, hot water, or steam that is distributed through the facility for air conditioning, heating, and processes. The heating and cooling energy may be a combination of electricity, natural gas, oil, coal, solar, geothermal, waste heat, etc. Multiple types of equipment and fuel sources can be combined in one plant, but typically only in large plants. Operating a few pieces of primary equipment (often with back-up equipment) gives central plants different benefits from decentralized systems (see Chapter 2).
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Also, different combinations of centralized and decentralized systems (e.g., a central cooling plant and decentralized heating and ventilating systems) can be used.Ĭhillers and boilers are available in different sizes, capacities, and configurations to serve a variety of building applications. The plant and equipment can be located as part of the facility, or in remote stand-alone plants. See Chapter 1 for information on selecting a central cooling or heating plant. The central plant also typically includes cooling towers and pumps, if it is a water-cooled plant. Boilers are often in a separate mechanical room to provide proper separation from the refrigeration equipment, as required by ASHRAE Standard 15. Typically, central plants include water-chilling equipment, pumps, and water system specialty items. Equipment configuration and ancillary equipment vary significantly, depending on the facility’s use. Distribution system options and equipment are discussed when they relate to the central equipment, but more information on distribution systems can be found in Chapters 11 to 15.Ĭentral systems are characterized by large chilling and heating equipment located in one facility or multiple installations interconnected to operate as one. This chapter addresses design alternatives that should be considered for central cooling and heating plants. Larger systems where higher efficiency offsets the potentially higher first cost of a chilled-water system Locations where waste heat is readily available (result of power generation or industrial processes) Industrial facilities (e.g., pharmaceutical, manufacturing) Hospitals and other health care facilities Large condominiums, hotels, and apartment complexes Urban centers (e.g., city centers/districts)
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Large public assembly facilities, entertainment complexes, stadiums, arenas, and convention and exhibition centers Large office buildings (typically over 14 000 m 2) Building or facility types that commonly use central plants includeĬampus environments with distribution to several buildings (described further in Chapter 12). Smaller buildings may use them for efficiency and control reasons, but the cost per square foot increases as compared to more typical systems. Appendix G of ASHRAE Standard 90.1 shows that central plants are typical in buildings more than five floors high or greater than 14 000 m 2. Good candidates for a central plant have significant loads and a designated mechanical space. They are especially suited to applications where maximizing equipment service life and using energy and operational workforce efficiently are important. This chapter covers plants with cooling and/or heating (referred to as central plants). Central cooling and heating systems are used in almost all types of buildings, but most commonly in very large buildings and complexes where there is a high density of energy use. CENTRAL cooling and/or heating plants generate cooling and/or heating in one location for distribution to multiple locations in one building or an entire campus.